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Polycarp ((ギリシア語:Πολύκαρπος), ''Polýkarpos''; (ラテン語:Polycarpus); AD 80 167) was a 2nd-century Christian bishop of Smyrna. According to the ''Martyrdom of Polycarp'' he died a martyr, bound and burned at the stake, then stabbed when the fire failed to touch him.〔 Polycarp is regarded as a saint and Church Father in the Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Anglican, and Lutheran churches. It is recorded by Irenaeus, who heard him speak in his youth, and by Tertullian,〔Tertullian, (''De praescriptione hereticorum'' 32.2 )〕 that he had been a disciple of John the Apostle.〔(Polycarp ), The Catholic Encyclopedia, 1913.〕〔Irenaeus, ''Adversus Haereses'' (III.3 ), Polycarp does not quote from the Gospel of John in his surviving letter, which may be an indication that whichever John he knew was not the author of that gospel, or that the gospel was not finished during Polycarp's discipleship with John. Weidmann suggests (Weidmann 1999:132) that the "Harris fragments" may reflect early traditions: "the raw material for a narrative about John and Polycarp may have been in place before Irenaeus; the codification of the significance of a direct line of succession from the apostle John through Polycarp may arguably be linked directly to Irenaeus".〕 Saint Jerome wrote that Polycarp was a disciple of John and that John had ordained him bishop of Smyrna. The early tradition that expanded upon the ''Martyrdom'' to link Polycarp in competition and contrast with John the Apostle who, though many people had tried to kill him, was not martyred but died of old age after being exiled to the island of Patmos, is embodied in the Coptic language fragmentary papyri (the "Harris fragments") dating to the 3rd to 6th centuries.〔Dating according to Frederick W. Weidmann, ed. and tr. ''Polycarp and John: The Harris Fragments and Their Challenge to the Literary Tradition'' (University of Notre Dame Press, 1999).〕 Frederick Weidmann, their editor, interprets the "Harris fragments" as Smyrnan hagiography addressing Smyrna–Ephesus church rivalries, which "develops the association of Polycarp and John to a degree unwitnessed, so far as we know, either before or since".〔Weidmann 1999:133.〕 The fragments echo the ''Martyrology'', and diverge from it. With Clement of Rome and Ignatius of Antioch, Polycarp is regarded as one of three chief Apostolic Fathers. The sole surviving work attributed to his authorship is his ''Letter to the Philippians''; it is first recorded by Irenaeus of Lyons. ==Surviving writings and early accounts== The sole surviving work attributed to him is ''Polycarp's letter to the Philippians'', a mosaic of references to the Greek Scriptures, preserved in Irenaeus' account of Polycarp's life. It, and an account of ''The Martyrdom of Polycarp'' that takes the form of a circular letter from the church of Smyrna to the churches of Pontus, form part of the collection of writings Roman Catholics and some Protestants term "The Apostolic Fathers" to emphasize their particular closeness to the apostles in Church traditions. After the Acts of the Apostles, which describes the death of Saint Stephen, the ''Martyrdom'' is considered one of the earliest genuine〔 accounts of a Christian martyrdom, and is one of the very few genuine accounts from the actual age of the persecutions. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Polycarp」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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